The Impact of Forest Management on Water Supply and Quality Essay

The Impact of Forest Management on Water Supply and Quality Forest management can have either detrimental or positive effects on watershed supply and quality. The type of effect depends on the type of operation(eg. harvesting vs. reforestation), the way it is conducted, and the view point of the land manager(eg. more or less water yield). Timber harvesting activities tend to increase the water yields of a watershed. Evapotranspiration is decreased by the removal of vegetation. This decrease in ET causes the amount of soil water that is moving into the channel system to increase. Lower ET rates also increase the amount of water available for deep percolation that provides baseflow (Satterlund and Adams, 1992). The decrease in ET may be short lived. For example, when a stand is thinned, the remaining trees quickly capture the increase of resources that is made available through the thinning. Understory vegetation also increases growth after removal of the overstory. Therefore, timber harvesting should be viewed as a temporary reduction in ET rates. Another way harvesting increases the water yield of a watershed is by increasing runoff. When an area is totally or partially harvested, temporary or permanent logging roads are usually constructed. These logging roads can capture subsurface flow and divert it to ditches associated with the road. These roads can divert surface flow that would ordinarily by dispersed and infiltrate (Satterlund and Adams, 1992). Because of the surface characteristics of roads, precipitation that falls on them has a reduced capacity to infiltrate. The effects of logging roads can be temporary or permanent. Temporary logging roads eventually revegetate, and may even be planted with herbaceous pla... ... encourage sediment deposition. Some forest management practices include fertilization. This can degrade water quality if nutrients are allowed to enter the stream system. Fertilization normally takes place at stand establishment as a site preparation technique. Because this is a time in the forest's life where ET is reduced and runoff is increased, the greatest risk of contamination is then. Fertilization is also accasionally applied in mid-rotation. Fertilizer applied during this time period is not likely to affect water quality. Reforestation of a highly disturbed watershed will improve water quality. The amount of erosion will be lessened, and nutrient inputs from agricultural land can also be intercepted and taken up by the forest. Reference Satterlund, D.R. and Adams, P.W. 1992. Wildland Watershed Management. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.

What Is the Bayeux Tapestry?

The Bayeux Tapestry What is it? A band of white linen 70m long and 49. 5cm wide, embroidered with yarn, that depicts the events that led to William of Normandy’s conquest of England and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. What was the Battle of Hastings? A battle fought in south Sussex in October 1066 that determined the successful outcome of the invasion. Harold, then-new King of England, had legitimately succeeded King Edward the Confessor, but William felt the crown was rightfully his because of promises made to him by both Edward and Harold. AuthenticityThis has never been questioned – * Style is consistent with other 11th-century Anglo-Saxon needlework * First referred to in 1476 – displayed once a year at Bayeux cathedral * Halley’s comet appears; astronomers have confirmed this. This detail would not have been known by someone who was not closely connected to the event. Origin (Commission and Creation) Bishop Odo, by general consensus, for the fo llowing reasons: 1. His inclusion in scenes in which he may be considered dispensable 2. The tapestry’s close association with Bayeux cathedral, his ecclesiastical seat. 3.Three minor Norman knights, recorded in the Doomsday book as holding Kentish land from him, are named General consensus is that it was manufactured in England. Evidence for this includes: 1. Stylistic similarity with other Anglo-Saxon art 2. International reputation of English needlework at the time 3. Influence of English language – written in Latin with English syntax; English folk names appear, eg. ?lfgyva Age Potentially 946 years old. Was made between 1067 and 1082 if Bishop Odo was the commissioner – he fell out of favour with William in 1083. Bias It is generally agreed that there is a strong Norman bias.The evidence for this includes: 1. The small amount of attention paid to Edward’s legitimising of Harold and death 2. That a common alternative title, William the Bastard, is nev er used or referred to The attempted justification of the campaign – William is portrayed as reclaiming what was rightfully his and Harold as an untrustworthy oath-breaker, in spite of the strong English case for his kingship, the arguments for which include: a. That King Edward wished him to be successor and legitimately passed it on b. That Harold was a wise, experienced governor c.That William had no claim by descent to the throne It is difficult to determine exactly what has been changed or omitted as empirically-written information is non-existant and the single existing closely-dated English account, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, is brief. The only other source that mentions the main contentious point, Harold’s oath, is Norman (Deeds of Duke William, William Poitier). Value to Historians The tapestry provides tremendously important and interesting information to historians about significant Norman characters, their motives and a colourful narrative of an extremely i mportant battle.It is, however, demonstrative of the problem of history-fixing by the victorious side in a controversy. William would have had any unfavourable accounts destroyed had the minority of literate English had the courage to create them. Hence, historians are forced to accept that their only major sources are biased to an unknown degree and compare them with the few facts from other primary sources, eg. dates from gravestones, to develop a somewhat empirical account. References Stenton, Frank. The Bayeux Tapestry. London: Phaidon Press, 1965. Print. 25 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Edward. † Encyclop? dia Britannica.Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. . BBC. â€Å"The Battle of Hastings 1066. † Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 3 April 2010. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. â€Å"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. † The Bayeux Tapestry: A Guide. n. p, n. d. Web, 25 Mar. 2013. â€Å"William I. † Encyclop? di a Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Harold II. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. .

The Joy Luck Club A Cultural Conflict With The First...

Dhwal Gheewala June 3, 2016 ICS 392 Prof. Rocky The Joy Luck Club As humans, we face conflicts everyday. When we come across these conflicts, we have different conflict handling modes. Some compete, accommodate, avoid, compromise, and others collaborate. These modes either help resolve a problem or create a bigger one. In the book The Joy Luck Club, it explores a cultural conflict with the first generation Chinese- Americans and their mothers. The mothers in the book The Joy Luck Club are not classified as avoiders. For example, June’s mother, Suyuan, leaves her twin daughters behind in her struggle against the war to end the misery they would face. In spite of the fact that Suyuan left her children behind, she was not avoiding the effects as to just ending their misery there and then. She made her decision to think of the consequences rather than watching her children get killed in front of her. 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